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A large number of inventions require years of arduous research and development before they are perfected. For instance, Thomas Edison made more than 1,000 attempts before successfully inventing the incandescent light bulb. (I) History is replete with examples of inventors failing repeatedly before eventually succeeding. (II) However, not all inventions are the result of relentless effort. (III) Indeed, some inventions come about entirely by accident, often when inventors are attempting to create something else. (IV) These accidental discoveries have profoundly impacted the world, proving that innovation sometimes relies as much on luck as on determination.

In the 1930s, chemist Roy Plunkett was trying to create a new substance for refrigeration. He mixed chemicals, placed them in a pressurized container, and cooled the mixture. The result was not a refrigeration material but Teflon, a substance now widely used to make nonstick cookware. Decades earlier, John Pemberton, a pharmacist in Atlanta, sought to create a tonic to relieve headaches. Though unsuccessful in his original goal, he inadvertently invented Coca-Cola, which became one of the most popular beverages in the world. Both Plunkett and Pemberton demonstrate how unintended outcomes can lead to groundbreaking products.

Accidental discoveries have also played a critical role in scientific advancements. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, when he noticed that mold in a petri dish killed surrounding bacteria. This groundbreaking discovery has saved millions of lives and revolutionized medicine. Similarly, in 1946, Percy Spencer was experimenting with microwaves when he realized that a candy bar in his pocket had melted. Investigating further, he developed the microwave oven, a device that forever changed the way people prepare food.

These stories highlight the unpredictable nature of innovation. While persistence and hard work are often necessary, chance can also play an important role in shaping the modern world. Whether through deliberate effort or serendipity, accidental inventions have transformed industries, improved daily life, and opened new possibilities for the future.

(Adapted from https://oureverydaylife.com/)

Question 31: The word "they" in paragraph 1 refers to:

A. inventions                B. inventors                C. discoveries                        D. experiments

Question 32: Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?

Instead, some inventions are the result of spontaneous, unintended  incidents.”

A. [I]                        B. [II]                        C. [III]                D. [IV]

Question 33: The phrase "come about" in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by:

A. turn out                B. take place                C. result from                        D. put aside

Question 34: Which of the following is NOT an invention made by accident, according to the passage?

A. teflon                B. Coca-Cola                C. penicillin                          D. the incandescent light bulb

Question 35: Which of the following is OPPOSITE in meaning to the word " inadvertently " in paragraph 2?

A. deliberately                B. temporarily                C. persistently                        D. effortlessly

Question 36: Which of the following best summarizes paragraph 3?

A. Scientists always rely on persistence to make discoveries.

B. Accidental scientific discoveries have led to groundbreaking advancements.

C. Penicillin was the most important accidental invention in history.

D. Innovations in science are usually the result of experimentation and effort.

Question 37: According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Thomas Edison invented the microwave oven after many attempts.

B. Roy Plunkett invented Teflon while trying to improve refrigeration.

C. Coca-Cola was originally created as a cure for mold infections.

D. Percy Spencer discovered penicillin during an experiment with microwaves.

Question 38: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A. Success is always the result of hard work and determination.

B. Innovation requires both consistent effort and unexpected luck.

C. The most important inventions in history were accidental.

D. Hard work guarantees successful outcomes in modern science.

Question 39: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Accidental inventions are often more useful than deliberate ones.

B. Most scientific discoveries result from careful experimentation.

C. Some inventions are discovered when inventors are attempting unrelated tasks.

D. Serendipity plays a minor role in the history of innovation.

Question 40: Which of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage?

A. Many important inventions come about through persistence and dedication.

B. Both effort and serendipity have contributed to groundbreaking inventions.

C. Accidental discoveries have been the most important in shaping human history.

D. Most scientific progress relies on experimentation and rigorous research.

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