According to the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, pregnant women should not drink any form of alcohol. Pregnant women who think they have should be aware of the serious and negative effects alcohol on the development of the baby (fetus).  

      Alcohol is considered one of the most dangerous drugs for women during their pregnancy. Because alcohol is delivered quickly into the blood and passes quickly into the tissues and membranes, the human fetus is particularly vulnerable to its effects. The reality is that the negative effects on a fetus are so pronounced that babies born after exposure to alcohol are said to be suffering from fetal the syndrome. As a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, the alcohol is passed into her bloodstream almost simultaneously. Moreover, because the bloodstream of the fetus is inextricably tied to that of the mother, the alcohol passes directly into the bloodstream of the fetus as well. And, what is more, the concentration of alcohol in the fetus is exactly the same as in the mother.  

      For the mother, this concentration is not a problem because her liver can remove one ounce of alcohol from her system per hour. However, the fetus's liver is not completely developed (how developed it is depends on its stage of development). The rate at which it is able to eliminate the alcohol from the blood of the fetus is much slower. Eventually, the alcohol will be returned to the mother's system by passing across the placenta, but this process is slow. By the time this takes place, major neurological damage may have already occurred.  

      Research has shown that as little as one drink of alcohol can produce significant, irreversible damage to the fetus. Babies born after exposure to alcohol generally exhibit facial distortion, inability to concentrate, and difficulty in remembering. Simply speaking, it is imperative that pregnant women avoid alcohol.  

Question 30. What is the main topic of this reading?  

      A. Women and drugs                                                        B. The dangers of pregnancy  

      C. The fetus and alcohol                                                   D. Drinking and the human body  

Question 31. The word “its” in paragraph 2 refers to___________  

      A. the fetus                           B. the blood                         C. the tissue                         D. the alcohol 

Question 32. How much time can it be inferred that it takes alcohol to enter a woman's bloodstream after she takes a drink?  

      A. about an hour                  B. a few seconds                  C. several minutes               D. at least 24 hours

Question 33. It can be inferred that the development of a fetal liver depends on ___________ 

      A. how many months pregnant the mother is  

      B. how much alcohol the mother has consumed  

      C. how large the fetus is  

      D. how well the mother has taken care of the fetus  

Question 34. According to the passage, how is alcohol finally returned to the mother's system? 

      A. It is carried through the bloodstream  

      B. It is transferred across the placenta.  

      C. It is expelled by the fetus's liver.  

      D. It is not completely returned.  

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