UNIT 4 - GLOBAL WARMING

UNIT 4 - GLOBAL WARMING - ILSW

9/19/2025 2:47:09 PM

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UNIT 4: GLOBAL WARMING

I. VOCABULARY

STT	Word	Type	Meaning
1	Globe	noun	quả địa cầu
2	Global	adj	thuộc về toàn cầu
3	Globalize	verb	toàn cầu hóa
4	Globalization	noun	sự toàn cầu hóa
5	Global warming	noun	sự nóng lên toàn cầu
6	Cause	noun	nguyên nhân
7	Consequence	noun	hậu quả
8	Temperature	noun	nhiệt độ
9	Atmosphere	noun	bầu không khí
10	Increase	verb	tăng lên
11	Rise	verb	tăng lên
12	Go up	verb	tăng lên
13	Let	verb	cho phép
14	Remind	verb	nhắc nhở
15	Refer	verb	đề cập đến
16	Exactly	adv	chính xác
17	Produce	verb	sản xuất, tạo ra
18	Release	verb	thải ra, giải phóng
19	Emit	verb	phát ra
20	Fossil fuel	noun	nhiên liệu hóa thạch
21	Coal	noun	than đá
22	Oil	noun	dầu mỏ
23	Natural gas	noun	khí đốt
24	Heat-trapping	adj	giữ nhiệt
25	Carbon dioxide	noun	khí CO₂
26	Methane	noun	khí mê-tan
27	Greenhouse gas(es)	noun	khí nhà kính
28	Greenhouse effect	noun	hiệu ứng nhà kính
29	Emission(s)	noun	khí thải
30	Waste	noun	chất thải
31	Fuel(s)	noun	nhiên liệu
32	Deforestation	noun	sự phá rừng
33	Pollution	noun	sự ô nhiễm
34	Pollutant	noun	chất gây ô nhiễm
35	Impact	noun	tác động
36	Sea level	noun	mực nước biển
37	Melt	verb	tan chảy
38	Drought	noun	hạn hán
39	Campaign	noun	chiến dịch
40	Biodiversity	noun	đa dạng sinh học
41	Vulnerable	adj	dễ bị tổn thương
42	Habitat	noun	môi trường sống
43	Extinct	adj	tuyệt chủng
44	Conservation	noun	bảo tồn
45	Survive	verb	sống sót
46	Absorb	verb	hấp thụ
47	Awareness	noun	sự nhận thức
48	Ban	verb	cấm
49	Capture	verb	giữ, bắt, thu giữ
50	Carbon footprint	noun	lượng khí CO₂ thải ra (dấu chân carbon)
51	Catastrophic	adj	thảm họa
52	Clean-up	noun	dọn sạch
53	Climate change	noun	biến đổi khí hậu
54	Diversity	noun	sự đa dạng
55	Ecological	adj	thuộc về sinh thái
56	Soil	noun	đất trồng
57	Soot	noun	bồ hóng

II: COLLOCATIONS/ PHRASES

STT	Collocation / Phrase	Type	Meaning
1	greenhouse effect	noun phrase	hiệu ứng nhà kính
2	fossil fuels	noun phrase	nhiên liệu hóa thạch
3	sea level rise	noun phrase	sự dâng mực nước biển
4	climate change	noun phrase	biến đổi khí hậu
5	human activity	noun phrase	hoạt động của con người
6	natural disaster	noun phrase	thảm họa thiên nhiên
7	deforestation rate	noun phrase	tốc độ phá rừng
8	environmental impact	noun phrase	tác động môi trường
9	carbon footprint	noun phrase	lượng khí CO₂ thải ra
10	renewable energy	noun phrase	năng lượng tái tạo
11	take action	verb phrase	hành động
12	raise awareness (of/about)	verb phrase	nâng cao nhận thức (về)
13	release emissions	verb phrase	thải khí
14	contribute to	verb phrase	góp phần vào
15	be responsible for	verb phrase	chịu trách nhiệm cho
16	lead to	verb phrase	dẫn đến
17	be under threat	verb phrase	đang bị đe dọa
18	protect the environment	verb phrase	bảo vệ môi trường
19	reduce carbon emissions	verb phrase	giảm lượng khí CO₂
20	become extinct	verb phrase	trở nên tuyệt chủng
21	suffer from (drought/flooding)	verb phrase	chịu đựng (hạn hán/ngập lụt)
22	rising global temperatures	noun phrase	nhiệt độ toàn cầu tăng
23	melting polar ice	noun phrase	băng ở hai cực tan chảy
24	irreversible damage	noun phrase	thiệt hại không thể đảo ngược
25	implement environmental policies	verb phrase	thực thi chính sách môi trường
26	switch to renewable sources	verb phrase	chuyển sang nguồn tái tạo
27	energy-efficient appliances	noun phrase	thiết bị tiết kiệm năng lượng

III: GRAMMAR

Giới từ chỉ thời gian/thời lượng: from... to...

Cấu trúc: from + thời điểm/bắt đầu ... to + thời điểm/kết thúc
Ý nghĩa: Diễn tả khoảng thời gian bắt đầu và kết thúc của một sự việc, hoạt động hoặc tình trạng.

Ví dụ:The meeting is scheduled from 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. (Cuộc họp diễn ra từ 9 giờ sáng đến 11 giờ sáng.)

She worked at that company from 2015 to 2019. (Cô ấy làm việc ở công ty đó từ năm 2015 đến năm 2019.)

Lưu ý: Có thể dùng với ngày, giờ, tháng, năm, khoảng thời gian...

Khi nói về thời gian, “from” chỉ điểm bắt đầu, “to” chỉ điểm kết thúc.
Trong một số trường hợp, “from... until/till...” cũng dùng thay cho “from... to...”

Giới từ chỉ thời gian/thời lượng: by

Cách dùng chính: Diễn tả một mốc thời gian trước hoặc vào đúng lúc đó, dùng để nói về thời hạn (deadline), tức là việc gì đó phải hoàn thành trước hoặc đúng thời điểm “by” chỉ ra.

Ví dụ: Please submit your report by Friday. (Vui lòng nộp báo cáo trước hoặc đúng thứ Sáu.)

He promised to finish the project by the end of this month. (Anh ấy hứa hoàn thành dự án trước hoặc vào cuối tháng này.)

Lưu ý: “By” thường đi với thời điểm cụ thể (by Monday, by 5 p.m., by 2023...).

Không dùng “by” để diễn tả khoảng thời gian kéo dài, mà để nhấn mạnh hạn cuối.

Giới từ chỉ số lượng: from... to... và by

From... to… : Diễn tả khoảng giá trị, số lượng, phạm vi:

The price ranges from $$10 to $$50.
Attendance increased from 100 to 500 people.

By : Diễn tả mức độ tăng hoặc giảm theo số lượng:

The population increased by 10%. (Dân số tăng thêm 10%)
Sales dropped by 5 units last month. (Doanh số giảm 5 đơn vị trong tháng trước.)

B: Gerunds (Danh động từ)

Dạng thức: V + -ing (Chức năng như 1 Noun)

Gerund dùng để

+ Làm chủ ngữ trong câu

E.g: Doing exercise regularly is very good for our health.

+ Làm tân ngữ đứng sau một số cụm từ: it's (not) worth, it's (no) use/ good, in addition to, can't help, can't bear, can't stand ...

E.g: It's worth buying an expensive ticket to this concert.

+ Đứng sau các cụm động từ (phrasal verbs): give up, put off, keep on, be opposed to, face up, to be against, look forward to, be interested in, be/get used to, see about, care for...

E.g: I get used to getting up early.

+ Là 1 tân ngữ sau các (V) sau

E.g: My mother suggests visiting Can Gio.

allow (cho phép)
avoid (tránh)
admit (thừa nhận)
advise (khuyên nhủ)
appreciate (đánh giá)
complete (hoàn thành)
consider (xem xét)
continue = go on = keep on = carry on (tiếp tục)
delay (trì hoãn)
deny (từ chối) ≠ give up (từ bỏ)
discuss (thảo luận)
dislike = hate (không thích)
enjoy = like = feel like = love = fancy = prefer (thích)
encourage (khuyến khích)
forbid (cấm)

finish (hoàn thành)
imagine (tưởng tượng)
involve (bao gồm)
include (bao gồm)
mention (đề cập)
mind (phiền, ngại)
miss (nhớ, bỏ lỡ)
permit (cho phép)
postpone (trì hoãn)
practice (luyện tập)
quit = give up (nghỉ, thôi)
recall (nhắc nhở, nhớ)
recollect (nhớ ra)
recommend (gợi ý)
risk (liều)

Verb + V_ing

Lưu ý: Một số động từ đi với 2 trường hợp

stop + V_-ing

Dừng làm gì (dừng hẳn)

E.g: He stopped smoking three years ago.

stop + to-V

Dừng lại để làm việc gì

E.g: He stopped to smoke a cigarette.

forget
remember
regret

Quên/ nhớ/ hối tiếc đã làm gì (ở quá khứ) - đã xảy ra rồi

E.g: She remembers seeing him.

forget
remember
regret

Quên/ nhớ/ tiếc sẽ phải làm gì (ở hiện tại - tương lai)

E.g: I regret to inform you that the train was cancelled.

try + V_-ing

Thử làm gì

E.g: You should try wearing this hat.

try + to-V

Cố gắng làm gì

E.g: I try to pass the exam.

prefer + to V + rather than (V)

E.g: I prefer staying at home to going out.

I prefer to stay at home rather than go out.

mean + V_-ing

Có nghĩa là gì.

E.g: This sign means not going into.

mean + to-V

Có ý định làm gì.

E.g: He doesn't mean to prevent you from doing that.

need + V_-ing

Cần được làm gì (= need to be done)

Your hair needs cutting. (= Your hair needs to be cut.)

need + to-V

Cần làm gì

E.g: I need to clean the house.

used + to-V

Đã từng/ thường làm gì trong quá khứ (bây giờ không làm nữa)

E.g: I used to get up early when I was young.

be/ get used to + V_-ing

Quen với việc gì (ở hiện tại)

E.g: I'm used to getting up early.

IV. PRACTICE EXERCISES

Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the word or phrase that best fits the blank in each sentence.

Scientists around the world are increasingly worried about _________ affecting our planet and future generations.

water pollution B. global warming C. acid rain D. noise pollution

_________ causes many serious problems for farmers every year in developing countries.

Temperature measurement B. Weather forecasting

C. Season rotation D. Climate change

Cars and trucks release harmful _________ into our atmosphere daily when people drive to work.

sound waves B. greenhouse gases C. toxic metals D. dirty particles

Tall trees need _________ to grow and produce oxygen for all living creatures.

mineral water B. hydrogen peroxide C. soil nutrients D. carbon dioxide

Cows on large farms produce a lot of _________ when they eat grass and other plants.

methane B. oxygen C. nitrogen D. protein

We must urgently reduce _________ from factories to protect nature and public health.

materials B. products C. emissions D. profits

Burning _________ creates dangerous pollution in the air around us and our children.

fossil fuel B. organic matter C. natural fiber D. mineral water

Many developing countries still use _________ to produce electricity despite environmental concerns.

clay B. sand C. coal D. salt

The massive _________ spill killed thousands of fish last month near the beautiful coast.

paint B. oil C. water D. milk

My family always cooks with _________ in our kitchen because it's convenient.

electric current B. solar power C. wood fire D. natural gas

The average global _________ has been steadily rising for many years now according to scientists.

humidity B. temperature C. population D. rainfall

There is a significant _________ in extreme weather events recently across many continents.

fluctuation B. reduction C. increase D. variation

Experts predict a substantial _________ in food prices next year due to climate issues.

rise B. adjustment C. decline D. shift

The Earth's _________ protects all living things from dangerous space radiation and ultraviolet light.

biosphere B. hydrosphere C. lithosphere D. atmosphere

What is the main _________ of pollution here in our local community?

factor B. cause C. source D. origin

One serious _________ of pollution is poor air quality in large crowded cities.

outcome B. consequence C. result D. effect

Plastic waste has a very negative _________ on ocean animals and marine ecosystems.

consequence B. influence C. effect D. impact

The sea level _________ gradually as ice melts in Antarctica and other polar regions.

ascends B. increases C. rises D. climbs

Mountain glaciers _________ faster each year due to warming temperatures and changing climate.

thaw B. liquefy C. dissolve D. melt

The _________ drought lasted three months and damaged many farms throughout the region.

severe B. extreme C. harsh D. intense

Deforestation _________ too quickly in the Amazon rainforest despite international protests.

proceeds B. happens C. occurs D. continues

Air pollution makes it _________ difficult to breathe sometimes in major cities.

steadily B. gradually C. progressively D. increasingly

A harmful _________ is anything that makes our environment dirty and unhealthy.

pollutant B. contaminant C. substance D. toxin

We must actively protect _________ in our forests and oceans before it's too late.

wildlife B. biodiversity C. ecosystem D. species

Wild animals are rapidly losing their natural _________ because of human activities and development.

home B. habitat C. environment D. territory

Dodos became tragically _________ because people hunted them too much without thinking ahead.

extinct B. vanished C. eliminated D. nonexistent

Wildlife _________ helps protect endangered animals from disappearing forever from Earth.

protection B. conservation C. preservation D. safeguarding

Large trees _________ carbon dioxide and naturally clean our air throughout the year.

capture B. consume C. absorb D. take in

Environmental _________ is extremely important for all school children and young adults.

awareness B. consciousness C. knowledge D. understanding

You can easily _________ your personal carbon footprint by walking more instead of driving.

lower B. decrease C. reduce D. minimize

The powerful storm caused truly _________ damage to coastal towns and fishing villages.

devastating B. catastrophic C. ruinous D. disastrous

We desperately need _________ ecological solutions to our growing environmental problems.

innovative B. groundbreaking C. novel D. creative

The natural _________ effect keeps our planet warm enough for life to exist.

atmospheric B. insulation C. warming D. greenhouse

Dangerous heat-trapping gases are causing global _________ to rise at alarming rates.

conditions B. temperatures C. climates D. readings

Small island nations are especially _________ to rising sea levels and extreme weather.

susceptible B. exposed C. defenseless D. vulnerable

Some sensitive animal species cannot _________ in rapidly changing climate conditions anymore.

survive B. exist C. persist D. endure

Many progressive countries want to permanently _________ single-use plastic bags in all stores.

prohibit B. ban C. forbid D. outlaw

We urgently need cleaner _________ fuels for our cars and trucks to reduce pollution.

rudimentary B. alternative C. peripheral D. reciprocal

Factories sometimes illegally _________ chemicals into nearby rivers and lakes at night.

release B. cultivate C. synthesize D. designate

Coal power plants continuously _________ carbon dioxide when burning fossil fuels every day.

allocate B. orchestrate C. calibrate D. emit

Local farmers _________ produce food for everyone in their country and beyond.

momentarily B. arbitrarily C. reluctantly D. sustainably

We should always recycle our _________ instead of throwing it carelessly away.

household waste B. municipal protocol

C. residential decree D. domestic venture

The educational _________ taught us effectively how to save water daily in our homes.

symposium B. campaign C. manifesto D. tribunal

Biological diversity in nature helps keep ecosystems healthy and _________ throughout seasons.

temporary B. digital C. artificial D. balanced

Healthy _________ soil is incredibly important for growing good nutritious food for everyone.

fertile B. technical C. distant D. metallic

Vẫn còn nội dung phía dưới, bạn hãy ấn nút để xem tiếp nhé...

Black industrial _________ from factories makes buildings dirty quickly in urban areas.

crystal B. soot C. fabric D. liquid

Some responsible companies capture _________ before releasing air from their facilities.

carbon dioxide B. solar panel C. magnetic field D. digital signal

Enthusiastic _________ helped with the community beach clean-up last weekend despite rain.

mechanics B. passengers C. volunteers D. musicians

Economic _________ affects environments in many different countries around the world.

celebration B. globalization C. motivation D. decoration

Our active _________ club meets every Tuesday after school to plan new projects.

financial B. historical C. theatrical D. environmental

V: GRAMMAR PRACTICE EXERCISES

From 1900 to 2023, global temperatures have increased _________ approximately 1.1°C.
Scientists predict that by 2050, sea levels will rise _________ 20cm _________ 30cm above current levels.
We need to reduce our carbon emissions _________ 40% _________ 20% by the end of this decade.
_________ Monday _________ Friday, students will learn about climate change by watching educational videos.
The climate conference, which runs _________ June _________ August, aims to reduce global warming by introducing new policies.
By switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy, we can reduce carbon emissions _________ 60%.
_________ 2010 _________ 2020, Arctic ice decreased by approximately 13% due to global warming.
The documentary will be broadcast _________ 8PM _________ 10PM tonight, explaining how we can reduce our carbon footprint by making simple changes.
From January to December last year, our school reduced waste _________ 40% through recycling programs.
By 2030, scientists expect temperatures to rise _________ 1.5°C _________ 2°C if we don't take action now.
The climate exhibition, running from Tuesday to Sunday, explains how ocean temperatures have increased _________ 0.13°C per decade.
_________ morning _________ evening, we planted trees by the riverside to prevent soil erosion caused by extreme weather.
Experts warn that by 2100, we may lose _________ 20% _________ 50% of all animal species due to habitat destruction.
_________ primary school _________ high school, students learn about climate change by participating in environmental projects.
The polar bear population has decreased _________ 25,000 _________ 20,000 by last year due to melting ice.
By studying climate patterns _________ 1950 _________ 2022, scientists can predict future environmental changes.
The government plans to transition from coal power to solar energy by investing billions of dollars _________ 2035.
_________ rural villages _________ big cities, people are affected by climate change in different ways.
By implementing new regulations, factories must reduce pollution _________ 100 tons _________ 50 tons annually.
The workshop runs _________ 9AM _________ 3PM, teaching participants how to reduce carbon footprints by making eco-friendly choices.
From winter to summer, temperature fluctuations have become more extreme _________ several degrees in recent years.
_________ 2040, renewable energy will increase from 20% to 60% of total energy production.
_________ the Arctic _________ Antarctica, scientists measure ice loss by using satellite technology.
We can track global temperature changes _________ pre-industrial times _________ today by examining ice cores.
_________ April _________ October, farmers now grow different crops due to seasonal changes caused by global warming.
By recycling paper, we saved _________ 10 _________ 15 trees by the end of the school semester.
Greenhouse gas emissions rose _________ 35 billion tons _________ 40 billion tons by last year.
The climate march will proceed _________ the city hall _________ the park by following the main street.
_________ developed _________ developing countries, all nations must reduce emissions by working together.
By switching from plastic to paper bags, our community reduced waste _________ 30% last month.
The volunteer program runs _________ July _________ September, helping clean beaches by removing plastic waste.
From morning to evening, temperatures now fluctuate _________ up to 20°C in desert regions affected by climate change.
_________ raising awareness from childhood to adulthood, we can combat climate change by educating everyone.
The research team traveled _________ North America _________ Europe by boat to reduce their carbon footprint.
From 6PM to 8PM tomorrow, our school will host a lecture about how oceans have warmed _________ 0.5°C.
By saving water, we reduced consumption _________ 200 liters _________ 150 liters per person by implementing simple measures.
The environmental campaign runs from August to December, aiming to plant trees _________ involving local communities.
_________ small actions _________ big changes, we can reduce our environmental impact by making better choices daily.
By 2025, electric cars will increase _________ 10% _________ 25% of all vehicles sold.
From the mountains to the coast, ecosystems are changing _________ adapting to warming temperatures.
The eco-challenge runs _________ Monday _________ Friday, encouraging students to reduce waste by 5% each day.
_________ traditional _________ modern farming, agricultural methods have changed by adopting climate-resistant techniques.
By reusing materials, our art class reduced supply costs _________ 500 _________ 300 by the end of the term.
From 1980 to 2020, extreme weather events increased _________ 40% due to climate change.
_________ 2050, scientists estimate that freshwater availability will decrease from current levels to concerning shortages.
The public awareness campaign runs _________ September _________ November, hoping to change behaviors by educating citizens.
_________ the beginning _________ the end of summer, we measured rainfall reduction by comparing to previous years.
By planting trees _________ the north side _________ the south side of our school, we created shade by using natural methods.
From 2000 to 2020, ocean acidity increased _________ 30%, threatening marine life worldwide.
By working together _________ now _________ the future, we can reduce global warming by taking collective action.

1: ________ complex mathematical problems requires both analytical thinking and patience.

A. Solve B. To solve C. Solving D. Solved

2: The environmental activists strongly oppose ________ more forests for commercial development.

A. clearing B. to clear C. clear D. cleared

3: ________ to the summit of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen remains a remarkable achievement.

A. Climb B. Climbing C. To climb D. Climbed

4: The professor acknowledged ________ the research paper was more challenging than she had anticipated.

A. write B. to write C. writing D. wrote

5: ________ in multiple investment portfolios rather than a single stock reduces financial risk.

A. To diversify B. Diversify C. Diversified D. Diversifying

6: The team decided ________ the project despite facing numerous technical challenges.

A. complete B. to complete C. completing D. completed

7: ________ regularly has been proven to reduce stress and improve overall health.

A. Exercise B. To exercise C. Exercising D. Exercised

8: The government promised ________ taxes for middle-income families next year.

A. reduce B. to reduce C. reducing D. reduced

9: ________ the ancient manuscript revealed previously unknown historical information.

A. Analyze B. To analyze C. Analyzing D. Analyzed

10: The defendant refused ________ questions without his lawyer present.

A. answer B. to answer C. answering D. answered

11: ________ in a foreign country often provides valuable cultural insights.

A. Live B. To live C. Living D. Lived

12: The scientist hopes ________ her research published in a prestigious journal.

A. get B. to get C. getting D. got

13: ________ the complex equation correctly earned the student extra credit.

A. Solve B. To solve C. Solving D. Solved

14: The committee postponed ________ a decision until more information becomes available.

A. make B. to make C. making D. made

15: ________ to classical music while studying may enhance concentration and memory.

A. Listen B. To listen C. Listening D. Listened

16: The company requires all employees ________ safety training annually.

A. complete B. to complete C. completing D. completed

17: ________ a second language becomes more challenging as we age.

A. Learn B. To learn C. Learning D. Learned

18: The tour guide suggested ________ the historical district early in the morning.

A. visit B. to visit C. visiting D. visited

19: ________ the deadline for the project submission was crucial for the team's success.

A. Meet B. To meet C. Meeting D. Met

20: The children enjoy ________ stories about magical creatures and distant lands.

A. read B. to read C. reading D. read

21: ________ a healthy diet and regular exercise is essential for maintaining good health.

A. Follow B. To follow C. Following D. Followed

22: The manager asked her assistant ________ the meeting minutes by tomorrow.

A. prepare B. to prepare C. preparing D. prepared

23: ________ in public remains one of the most common fears among adults.

A. Speak B. To speak C. Speaking D. Spoken

24: The artist admitted ________ inspiration from classical masterpieces.

A. draw B. to draw C. drawing D. drawn

25: ________ to music while working helps many people concentrate better.

A. Listen B. To listen C. Listening D. Listened

26: The students practiced ________ their presentations before the final competition.

A. deliver B. delivered C. to deliver D. delivering

27: ________ a marathon requires months of dedicated training and preparation.

A. To run B. Running C. Run D. Ran

28: The CEO promised ________ the company's environmental impact within five years.

A. reduced B. to reduce C. reduce D. reducing

29: ________ a foreign language fluently requires consistent practice and immersion.

A. To speak B. Speaking C. Speak D. Spoken

30: The teacher encouraged her students ________ more books during summer vacation.

A. reading B. to read C. read D. read

31: ________ the complex data accurately was crucial for the research project.

A. To interpret B. Interpreting C. Interpret D. Interpreted

32: The company decided ________ its operations to international markets next year.

A. expand B. expanded C. to expand D. expanding

33: ________ regularly helps maintain cardiovascular health and muscle strength.

A. Exercise B. Exercising C. To exercise D. Exercised

34: The lawyer advised her client ________ any statements to the press.

A. avoided B. avoiding C. to avoid D. avoid

35: ________ a new language as an adult requires dedication and consistent practice.

To master B. Master C. Mastering D. Mastered

36: The museum visitors were fascinated by ________ the ancient artifacts up close.

A. examine B. examining C. to examine D. examined

37: The committee decided ________ the proposal until next quarter.

A. postponing B. postpone C. to postpone D. postponed

38: ________ sustainable practices in business operations is becoming increasingly important.

A. Implementing B. To implement C. Implement D. Implemented

39: The tour guide suggested ________ comfortable shoes for the hiking excursion.

A. wear B. wearing C. to wear D. worn

40: ________ to succeed drove her to work harder than anyone else.

A. Determined B. Determine C. To determine D. Determining

41: The wildlife photographer waited patiently ________ the perfect shot.

A. capturing B. capture C. to capture D. captured

42: ________ through the ancient text revealed previously unknown historical facts.

A. Sifting B. To sift C. Sift D. Sifted

43: The astronauts trained rigorously ________ for the space mission.

A. prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. to prepare

44: ________ the intricate design required exceptional attention to detail.

A. Recreate B. To recreate C. Recreating D. Recreated

45: The detective hoped ________ the case before any more evidence disappeared.

A. solving B. solve C. to solve D. solved

46: ________ in extreme weather conditions requires specialized equipment and training.

A. To survive B. Surviving C. Survive D. Survived

47: The orchestra conductor asked the musicians ________ their instruments before the performance.

A. tune B. tuning C. to tune D. tuned

48: ________ the delicate ecosystem is the primary goal of conservation efforts.

A. Preserving B. To preserve C. Preserve D. Preserved

49: The mountain climbers decided ________ their expedition due to dangerous weather.

A. abort B. aborting C. to abort D. aborted

50: ________ the ancient manuscript without damaging it presented a significant challenge.

Restore B. To restore C. Restoring D. Restored

LISTENING 1

Sarah says that the water ________ is rising each year.
Miguel had to plant different crops that can survive in ________ weather.
Lin says that temperatures reached above ________ degrees last July.
Sarah's community created an early ________ system for storms.
Miguel collects ________ during wet seasons to use during dry periods.
Lin's city has created more green spaces and ________ centers for hot days.

LISTENING 2

The Earth's temperature has increased by 2 degrees in the last 100 years.
Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere.
All areas on Earth are experiencing more rainfall due to global warming.
Alex suggests that planting trees can help address global warming.
The speaker believes it's too late to solve the problem of global warming.
The speaker mentions that global warming is affecting agriculture worldwide.

LISTENING 3

According to Dr. Emma Chen, the Earth's temperature has risen by 1.5 degrees Celsius since the Industrial Revolution began.
Cutting down forests contributes to global warming because trees help absorb carbon dioxide.
Dr. Wilson believes we can no longer prevent global warming, only adapt to it.
Maria Santos recommends that people become vegetarians to combat global warming.
Extreme weather events like floods, droughts, and hurricanes are becoming more common due to global warming.
The transcript mentions that agricultural production worldwide has decreased by 15% due to global warming.

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