maiduyenbui197 3/1/2025 2:28:44 PM

            [I] Sperm whales are fascinating creatures. [II] They possess the biggest brain of any species, six times larger than a human’s, which scientists believe may have evolved to support intelligent, rational behavior. [III] They’re also highly social and capable of making decisions as a group. [IV] But there’s also a lot we don’t know about them, including what they may be saying to one another when communicating with a system of short clicks, known as codas.

            Now, new research published in Nature Communications today suggests that sperm whales’ communication is actually much more expressive and complicated than was previously thought. A team of researchers led by Pratyusha Sharma at MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) working with Project CETI, a nonprofit focused on using AI to understand whales, used statistical models to analyze whale codas and managed to identify a structure to their language that’s similar to features of human language. Their findings represent a tool future researchers could use to decipher not just the structure but the actual meaning of whale sounds.

            For the study, the researchers examined recordings of 8,719 codas from around 60 whales collected by the Dominica Sperm Whale Project between 2005 and 2018, using a mix of AI algorithms for pattern recognition and classification. The AI then turned the clicks within the coda data into a new kind of data visualization called an exchange plot, revealing that some codas featured extra clicks. These extra clicks, combined with variations in the duration of their calls, appeared in interactions between multiple whales, which they say suggests that codas can carry more information and possess a more complicated internal structure than we had previously believed.

            The team’s next step is to build language models of whale calls and to examine how those calls relate to different behaviors. They also plan to work on a more universal system that could be used across species, says Sharma. Taking a communication system we know nothing about, working out how it encodes and transmits information, and slowly beginning to understand what’s being communicated could have many purposes beyond whales. “I think we’re just starting to understand some of these things,” she says. “We’re very much at the beginning, but we are slowly making our way through.”

(Adapted from technologyreview.com)

Question 31. Where in paragraph 1 does the following sentence best fit?

They demonstrate a high level of sociability and are capable of collective decision – making.

A. [I]         B. [II]         C. [III]         D. [IV]

Question 32: What do we learn about sperm whales in paragraph 1?

A. They are one of the most interesting creatures for humans to study.

B. Their brains are more advanced than human brains by six times.

C. The size of their brains is the reason why they are highly social.

D. They have the ability to make decisions together rather than alone.

Question 33: According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT mentioned as a tool or method used by researchers to study whale communication?

A. AI algorithms for pattern recognition        B. Statistical models

C. Recordings of codas                D. Behavioral experiments with whales

Question 34: The word “decipher” in paragraph 2 can be best replaced by ___________.

A. decode         B. resolve         C. detect         D. reveal

Question 35: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to __________.

A. researchers         B. algorithms         C. clicks         D. interactions

Question 36: Which of the following is TRUE about the study discussed in this passage?

A. The study involved over 10,000 recordings of codas from various species of whales.

B. The research found that whale communication is simpler than previously thought.

C. AI algorithms were used to analyze whale codas and uncover patterns.

D. The study concluded that codas cannot carry more information than was once believed.

Question 37: The word “universal” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ___________.

A. general         B. conventional         C. prevalent         D. ordinary

Question 38. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

A. Studying whale communication will provide insights useful for understanding other communication systems.

B. Once we decode whale communication, we will fully understand how they transmit information.

C. Understanding whale communication systems has limited applications outside marine biology.

D. Whale communication can only be understood through long – term study without further application.

Question 39: Which of the following can most likely be inferred from the passage?

A. Sperm whales are much more intelligent than what people commonly think.

B. Project CETI is using the most advanced AI in order to achieve their end goal.

C. Codas with extra clicks are the most structurally similar to human language.

D. We have yet to fully grasp the complexity of the sperm whale language system.

Question 40: Which of the following best summarizes the passage?

A. Sperm whales are known for their large brains and complex group behavior, though their        communication remains largely mysterious.

B. Researchers have fully decoded the structure and meaning of whale codas using advanced AI technology.

C. A recent study suggests that sperm whale communication may be more complex than previously thought, and researchers are beginning to unravel its structure and meaning with the help of AI.

D. The study found that whale communication is not related to their behavior, but rather to random environmental factors.

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