1. and wildfires are becoming more intense due to the extra energy and moisture in our atmosphere
2. renewable technologies advance rapidly traditional fossil fuels remain the primary energy source worldwide
3. while ocean temperatures continue rising affecting marine ecosystems throughout all global coastal waters
4. extreme weather events occur more frequently, scientists attribute this to climate change patterns

Question 22:

1. where experts documented changes but fails to implement proper solutions

B. which have contributed least to historical emissions and continue to do so

C. was experiencing severe impacts yet continued receiving minimal aid

D. scientific evidence supports sustainable policies across all regions

Read the following passage about How Warming Affects Different Nations and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

Climate change is a global problem, but its effects are not equal across all countries. Some nations suffer more than others, despite contributing less to the problem. This uneven impact creates what experts call a "climate divide" between rich and poor countries. The rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events affect communities differently based on their location and resources.

Wealthy nations like the United States and many European countries have historically released the most greenhouse gases. These countries have strong economies and better infrastructure to handle climate disasters. When floods or storms happen, they can quickly rebuild damaged areas. They also have the money to develop new technologies to reduce their emissions. However, many of these nations are still reluctant to make significant changes to their industries and lifestyles.

In contrast, developing countries like Bangladesh, many African nations, and small island states have contributed very little to global emissions. Yet these nations often experience the worst climate impacts. Rising sea levels threaten coastal communities, while droughts damage crops in agricultural regions. These nations lack the resources to build protective infrastructure or recover quickly from disasters. This situation is particularly unfair because these vulnerable communities have done the least to cause the problem.

The climate divide shows why international cooperation is essential. Wealthy nations must take responsibility for their historical emissions by reducing pollution and helping poorer countries adapt. Many experts believe that financial support from rich to poor nations is not charity but a matter of climate justice. Without global action that recognizes this divide, the world cannot effectively address climate change. Both types of nations must work together for a sustainable future.

Question 23: Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED as a climate change impact in the passage?

1. Rising temperatures
2. Melting glaciers
3. Extreme weather events
4. Changing rainfall patterns

Question 24: The word “uneven” in paragraph 1 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _________.

1. irregular                        B. variable                        C. disproportionate                D. equal

Question 25: The word “their” in paragraph 2 refers to _________.

1. poor countries                
2. communities                
3. wealthy nations                

D. new technologies

Question 26: The word “threaten” in paragraph 3 could be best replaced by _________.

1. endanger                        B. worry                        C. approach                        D. surround

Question 27: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

1. Rich countries should acknowledge past mistakes and provide technical assistance to developing nations facing climate challenges.
2. Developed nations need to be accountable for past emissions through pollution reduction and supporting adaptation in vulnerable countries.
3. Affluent states must compensate for environmental damage by transferring green technology to less fortunate nations globally.
4. Industrialized regions should address climate issues by creating economic opportunities for impoverished countries worldwide.

Question 28: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

1. Developing nations have contributed equally to climate change but suffer disproportionate consequences due to geographical factors.
2. Most wealthy countries have already implemented significant industrial changes to address their historical emissions responsibility.
3. Climate experts believe financial aid to vulnerable nations should be viewed primarily as charitable humanitarian assistance.
4. Small island states and many African nations experience severe climate impacts despite having minimal contribution to global emissions.

Question 29: In which paragraph does the writer discuss how some countries have contributed less to climate change but suffer more from its effects?

1. Paragraph 1                B. Paragraph 2                        C. Paragraph 3                D. Paragraph 4

Question 30: In which paragraph does the writer mention that financial support should be provided to poorer nations?

1. Paragraph 4                B. Paragraph 3                        C. Paragraph 2                D. Paragraph 1

Read the following passage about the Canary in the Global Coal Mine and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Arctic region is warming at an alarming rate, more than twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Scientists cannot keep a stiff upper lip about this crisis any longer, as the evidence becomes increasingly clear. This rapid warming leads to melting ice caps, rising sea levels, and changes in weather patterns worldwide. The Arctic serves as an early warning system for global climate change, much like canaries once warned miners of dangerous gases. Recent studies show that Arctic temperatures have reached record highs in the past decade, confirming scientists' worst fears about the pace of change.

The impacts of Arctic warming extend far beyond the polar region. [I] As Arctic ice melts, it creates a dangerous cycle. [II] White ice reflects sunlight back into space, but dark ocean water absorbs heat, further increasing temperatures. This "feedback loop" accelerates warming across the globe. [III] Researchers have documented significant permafrost thaw across Alaska, Canada, and Siberia, releasing greenhouse gases that have been locked away for thousands of years. [IV] This creates conditions that warm the planet even faster.

Wildlife in the Arctic faces severe challenges due to these changes. Polar bears struggle to hunt as sea ice diminishes, while Arctic foxes lose their camouflage advantage when snow melts early. Indigenous communities also suffer as their traditional hunting grounds disappear and coastal erosion threatens their homes. These communities have contributed minimally to climate change yet bear its heaviest burden. Many species that depend on cold conditions may face extinction if current warming trends continue unchecked.

International cooperation is essential to address this crisis. Scientists from different countries work together to monitor Arctic conditions and develop solutions. Many nations have signed agreements to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but progress remains slow. The melting Arctic reminds us that climate change requires immediate action from all countries, especially those with the largest carbon footprints. Our response to the Arctic crisis will determine the future of our planet. Without significant changes in human behavior and policy, the Arctic warning signs will only grow more severe.

Question 31: The phrase “keep a stiff upper lip” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _________.

1. give up                        B. break down                        C. back off                        D. carry on

Question 32: Where in paragraph 2 does the following sentence best fit?

Additionally, melting permafrost releases methane, a powerful greenhouse gas that traps heat in our atmosphere.

1. [I]                                B. [II]                                C. [III]                        D. [IV]

Question 33: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an effect of Arctic warming?

1. Rising sea levels worldwide
2. Increased hurricane intensity
3. Release of methane from melting permafrost
4. Loss of habitat for Arctic wildlife

Question 34: Which of the following best summarises paragraph 3?

1. Arctic warming threatens wildlife survival and indigenous communities despite their minimal contribution to climate change.
2. Polar bears and Arctic foxes are losing their natural habitats while researchers document the extensive wildlife migrations.
3. Indigenous people are developing new hunting methods as scientists predict the timeline for complete Arctic ice recovery.
4. International agreements have failed to protect Arctic species that are adapting to warmer temperatures across the region.

Question 35: The word “camouflage” in paragraph 3 is OPPOSITE in meaning to _________.

1. concealment                B. disguise                        C. visibility                        D. protection

Question 36: The word “its” in paragraph 3 refers to _________.

1. The Arctic region
2. Indigenous communities
3. Arctic wildlife
4. Climate change

Question 37: Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4?

1. Countries are refusing to participate in climate agreements despite mounting evidence of environmental damage.
2. Despite formal commitments to limit emissions, nations have made insufficient progress on climate action.
3. Scientific research has convinced governments to sign treaties, though implementation faces technical barriers.
4. International climate policies have been established but require additional funding to achieve meaningful results.

Question 38: Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?

1. Arctic foxes have adapted successfully to the warming climate by developing new hunting strategies.
2. Indigenous communities are receiving substantial compensation for climate change-related damages.
3. Melting permafrost releases methane that has been trapped in frozen ground for thousands of years.
4. International agreements have effectively slowed the rate of Arctic ice loss in the past decade.

Question 39: Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

1. Countries with larger carbon footprints bear greater responsibility for addressing climate change.
2. Indigenous communities are developing innovative technologies to adapt to Arctic environmental shifts.
3. Scientists have reached consensus that Arctic wildlife extinction is inevitable within the next decade.
4. International agreements have failed because nations prioritize economic growth over environmental concerns.

Question 40: Which of the following best summarises the passage?

1. Scientific innovations are gradually reducing Arctic warming despite insufficient international cooperation.
2. Indigenous communities and wildlife face extinction while governments debate potential climate solutions.
3. Arctic temperatures fluctuate naturally, though recent human activities have accelerated these patterns.
4. Arctic warming signals a global climate crisis requiring immediate international action to prevent disaster.