10. UNIT 10. The ecosystem
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UNIT 10.

The ecosystem

A. Pronunciation

• Intonation in question tags

Identify the intonation of the question tags based on the context, and complete the suitable Yes/No responses. Then practise saying them in pairs.

1.         A: (You 've known Mai will grow some young trees in the school garden tomorrow.) 

Mai will grow some young trees in the school garden tomorrow, won’t she?

B: __________________________________________________________________________.

2.         A: (You 're not sure whether your class are going to Cue Phuong National Park next week or not. Actually, the class are going there next month.)

We’re going to Cue Phuong National Park next week, aren’t we?

B: __________________________________________________________________________.

3.         A: (You know fossil fuels will be used up soon.) 

        Fossil fuels will be used up soon, won’t they?

        B: __________________________________________________________________________.

4.         A: (You know there wasn 't any announcement about the maths test.) 

You didn’t hear an announcement about the maths test, did you?

B: __________________________________________________________________________.

5.         A: (You 're not sure whether yourfriend's father worked as a forest ranger, and he didn’t.) 

Your father worked as a forest ranger, didn’t he?

B: __________________________________________________________________________.

6.         A: (You know for sure that Nam hasn't been to Cat Tien National Park.) 

You have never been to Cat Tien National Park, have you?

B: __________________________________________________________________________.

7.         A: (You don't know U Minh Thuong National Park is a region with the richest biodiversity in the Mekong River Delta, and actually it is.)

U Minh Thuong National Park is a region with the richest biodiversity in the Mekong River Delta, isn’t it?

B: __________________________________________________________________________.

8.         A: (You don't know whether the leaders of the world have worked together to solve the problem of global warming or not, but actually they do.) 

The leaders of the world have worked together to solve the problem of global warming, haven’t they?

B: __________________________________________________________________________.

B. Vocabulary

• Words and phrases related to ecosystems

I. Complete the sentences with the words given.

ecosystem

species

organisms

climate change

non-living

conservation

tropical forest

mammals

flora and fauna

biodiversity

1. It is important to encourage environmental __________________ and awareness.

2. The motivation for the control policy is to reduce the negative impacts of __________________.

3. Plants obviously do not have minds; nor __________________ do things like tables and rocks.

4. Humans, dogs, elephants, and dolphins are all __________________, but birds, fish, and crocodiles are not.

5. Pollution can have disastrous effects on the delicately balanced __________________.

6. Many plant and animal __________________ are found only in the rainforests.

7. Tourism is damaging the __________________ of the island.

8. The country can undertake conservation measures to build up or maintain its __________________.

9. There are many examples of resource decline and low production, particularly in the humid __________________.

10. All living __________________ have to adapt to changes in environmental conditions.

II. Complete the sentences with the adjectives given.

rich

raw

tiny

tropical

non-living

colorful

native

natural

essential

national

1. Bone is actually made up of living tissue and __________________ matter.

2. If we continue to deplete the earth’s __________________ resources, we will cause serious damage to the environment.

3. The problem needs to be addressed both at a(n) __________________ and international level.

4. The cost of our __________________ materials has risen significantly.

5. The country has vast oil reserves and __________________ deposits of other minerals.

6. In cool climates you have to grow __________________ plants under glass.

7. Government support will be __________________ if the project is to succeed.

8. Henderson Island in the Pacific has more than 55 species of __________________ flowering plants.

9. During surgery, doctors sometimes use a laser beam to vaporize __________________ blood vessels.

10. The garden was full of __________________ and fascinating flowers.

• Vocabulary for Reading

III. Complete the sentences with the words given.

wildlife

national park

mangroves

waterway

scenery

biodiversity

wetlands

conservation

habitat

floating water season

1. With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its natural __________________.

2. __________________ is a plan for avoiding the unnecessary use of natural materials such as wood, water, or fuel.

3. The __________________ are home to a large variety of wildlife.

4. The __________________ also brings fish and shrimp to this land.

5. Many habitats such as __________________ and wetlands are disappearing fast.

6. The use of pesticides is killing off birds, fish and __________________.

7. __________________ transport plays a key role in the Mekong River Delta.

8. They stopped at the top of the hill to admire the __________________.

9. In the past, several natural streams and rivers flowed from west to east; now, these streams and rivers have been replaced by a system of canals flowing through the __________________.

10. Scientists and local authorities have campaigned to preserve __________________ values of Tram Chim National Park.

• Prepositions

IV. Complete each sentence with the correct preposition.

1. Ecosystems __________________ a lot of biodiversity are generally stronger and more resistant to disaster than those with fewer species.

2. The horse is not native __________________ America - it was introduced by the Spanish.

3. The region is rich __________________ mineral and coal deposits.

4. Water is essential __________________ living things.

5. That rainforest has been home __________________ many endangered species.

6. When the biodiversity of an ecosystem is interrupted or destroyed, the economic impact __________________ the local community could be enormous.

7. Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rainforest species their search __________________ cures.

8. The house is surrounded __________________ trees, so it’s not overlooked at all.

9. Rhinos, tigers, elephants, lions are __________________ the list of endangered species.

10. The man was described __________________ tall and dark, and aged about 20.

C. Grammar

• Compound nouns

I. Match each noun 1-10 with a noun a-j to make compound nouns. (Four of them are written as one word.)

1. basket        _______        a. teacher

2. swimming        _______        b. work

3. week         _______        c.  tennis

4. home         _______        d. pool

5. sweat         _______        e. shirt

6. shopping        _______        f. end

7. head        _______         g. game

8. pop                _______        h. ball

9. computer        _______         i. centre

10. table        _______         j. music

II. Complete the sentences with the compound nouns from Exercise I.

1. I never listen to ___________________ on the radio.

2. ‘Is Tom watching TV?’ - ‘No, he’s playing a ___________________ in his bedroom.’

3. There’s a really good ___________________ in the town centre. You can buy almost everything there.

4. ‘Where did you learn to swim?’ - ‘I had lessons at the ___________________.’

5. Is the ___________________ of your school a man or a woman?

6. ‘What are you doing at the?’ - ‘I’m going to stay with my cousin.’

7. If you’re hot, take off your ___________________.

8. Our teacher gave us a lot of ___________________ last night. It took me three hours to finish it.

9. I played ___________________ with my sister this morning. She won 21-18.

10. I think the Chicago Bulls is the best ___________________ team in the USA.

III. Complete the sentences with the words below.

lounge

security

check-in

guard

control

class

crew

pass

1. At the airport, they provide that number along with photo identification to receive a boarding ___________________.

2. That airliner offers a telephone ___________________ facility for first and economy passengers with hand baggage.

3. The man was stopped at the door by a security ___________________.

4. The cabin ___________________ on an aircraft are the people whose job is to look after the passengers. 

5. She had never flown first ___________________ before because she couldn’t afford them.

6. The mayor also started a ___________________ camera programme so the police can monitor the most heavily trafficked areas of the city.

7. Moments before boarding, I caught a glance of a TV set in the departure ___________________.

8. There were long queues of passengers because only two passport ___________________ booths were open.

IV. Match the words in A to the words in B to make compound nouns. Then complete the sentences.

A

air

cotton

export

factory

price

B

companies

conditioning

fields

tag

workers

1. This shirt hasn’t got a ___________________. I don’t know how much it is. 

2. In the past, slaves worked in the ___________________ of the USA.

3. If you set the ___________________ at 24°C instead of 18°C, you’ll cause less harm to the environment.

4. ___________________ often do quite repetitive jobs.

5. ___________________ have to spend a lot of money on transport.

V. Match 1-10 with a-j to make compound nouns.

1. solar                                        ______         A. species

2. GM (genetically modified)                ______          B. rain

3. carbon                                 ______                C.  effect

4. global                                 ______                D. layer

5. endangered                         ______                E. disposal

6. greenhouse                         ______                F. emissions

7. acid                                         ______                G. forest

8. waste                                 ______                H. foods

9. ozone                                 ______                I. power

10. rain                                 ______                J. warming

VI. Complete the sentences with compound nouns from Exercise V.

1. Many forests have been damaged by __________________.

2. The __________________is causing the earth’s atmosphere to heat up.

3. __________________will cause the icebergs to melt.

4. The Amazon __________________is in the Amazon Basin of South America.

5. The __________________helps to protect the earth from harmful radiation from the sun.

6. Coal-burning power stations are a source of __________________.

7. Some __________________can only be seen in zoos.

8. __________________is a renewable source of energy.

VII. Complete the sentences with the compound nouns below.

football pitch

flood lights

mountain range

tower block

tennis courts

swimming pool

safety net

seashore

1. A __________________ is a tall building containing apartments or offices.

2. Many tennis players prefer __________________ with a grass surface.

3. The game will be played under __________________.

4. The two teams, will play a big match at the world-famous Wembley __________________.

5. She takes her inspiration from shells and stones she finds on the __________________.

6. A __________________ is the one that is put below people performing at a great height to catch them if they fall.

7. The outdoor __________________ is open during the summer months.

8. They tried to climb up the great __________________ of the Alps.

VIII. Complete the compound nouns in the sentences with the nouns below. There are two nouns that you do not need.

mainland

camp

dance

goers

lover

festival

headline

line

shuttle

 

1. We stayed at a great little-__________________ site near our house.

2. Stevie Wonder was the __________________ act at the Glastonbury Festival in 2010.

3. The roads leading to the festival were jammed with festival __________________.

4. The-__________________ up at the Rock Werchter festival this year was amazing.

5. We caught a __________________ bus from the station to the festival.

6. We’re going to take our holiday on __________________ Europe this year.

7. You don’t have to be a music __________________ to enjoy a music festival. There are a lot of other things to see and do.

D. Reading

I. Read the following passage, and decide the statements are true (T) or false (F).

Once there were lots of pandas in the mountain of Western China. Today they are becoming extinct. The reason is that they cannot find enough food. Pandas eat bamboo leaves. They do not like another food. The bamboo grows very slowly. It can take 10 years for a bamboo cane to grow from a seed to a big plant. Some types of bamboo have seeds every 60 years. Pandas must wait many years for their food to grow. While the bamboo is growing, pandas do not have enough leaves to eat.

Farmers are using more and more of the land on the mountain side to grow food for man. The farmers cut down the bamboo. Bamboo leaves become less plentiful. Pandas cannot find enough food to eat. They starve and die.

China and World Wildlife Fund (WWF) are trying to save the panda. In 1979 they began to set up special parks where pandas live. One such park is the Wolong Reserve in Sichuan. The Wolong Reserve has the highest number of pandas in the world. Scientists come here to study the panda’s eating and mating habits. By learning more about the panda’s habits, scientists can save it from extinction.

1. There are many pandas in China nowadays.                                                _________

2. Some kinds of bamboo grow quickly.                                                        _________

3. The favourite food for pandas is the bamboo leaves.                                        _________

4. The Wolong Reserve is the World Wildlife Fund Organization.                                _________

5. Setting panda reserves in the mountains of China is a good way to save pandas.        _________

II. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.

Conservation is the sensible use and protection of natural resources including plants, animals, mineral deposits, soils, clean water, clean air, and fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas to ensure an adequate supply for future generations.

Natural resources are grouped into two categories, renewable and nonrenewable. A renewable resource is one that may be replaced over time by natural processes, such as fish populations or natural vegetation, or is inexhaustible, such as solar energy. The goal of renewable resource conservation is to ensure that such resources are not consumed faster than they are replaced. Nonrenewable resources are those in limited supply that cannot be replaced or can be replaced only over extremely long periods of time. Nonrenewable resources include fossil fuels and mineral deposits, such as iron ore and gold ore. Conservation activities for nonrenewable resources focus on maintaining an adequate supply of these resources well into the future.

1. What is the purpose of conservation mentioned in the passage? 

A. To make use of natural resources

B. To ensure an adequate supply of natural resources for future generations

C.  To replace renewable resource

D. To maintain an adequate supply of water for future

2. The word ‘inexhaustible’ in paragraph 2 is similar in meaning to _________.

A. unlimited                B. bottomless                 C.  boundless                 D. never-ending

3. Natural vegetation is an example of _________. 

A. nonrenewable resources 

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